Answers to your questions about the Netherlands

Usually not, but the answer depends on who your customer is. For a business customer in another EU member state with a valid VAT number, the VAT is generally shifted to them under the reverse-charge rule and you invoice without VAT, provided you state their number on the invoice and report the supply. For private consumers abroad, different rules apply and you may have to charge the VAT of their country. Getting this wrong is one of the more expensive mistakes, because the tax stays due from you, so we set the invoicing rules up with you at the start.